Reconstruction During The Civil War - 966 Words

Reconstruction is a time period after the Civil War ended in 1877. We view it as something that resembles a transformation, shifts in the southern U.S. after the Civil War. This was when slavery inequality, some political, economic, and social issues were, in some ways, balanced. The categories of issues that arose throughout this â€Å"restoration† were aspects such as involving the Confederacy into the Union, abolishing along with figuring out what to do with our free blacks, and addressing conflict between the Confederate leaders and a group of people, which we characterize as â€Å"the North.† During reconstruction, there was a challenging goal of incorporating former slaves into our nation as free citizens like everyone else. It looks like this â€Å"era† attempted to take out the unfairness of slavery; however, it was successful to a degree. Reconstruction, itself, was successful in fulfilling its goal to a degree because the Freedmen’s Bureau attemp ted to help former slaves with simple things such as housing, although it â€Å"lost its touch† due to deficiency of needed funds along with personnel, and trouble dealing with pressure that was advancing from the so-called white southerners. Upon origination, the Freedmen’s Bureau received its appearance as a good thing for former slaves, including those who were referred to as southern blacks. This organization had responsibilities in helping the blacks move from their state - slaves to something better- freedom. Quite remarkably,Show MoreRelatedReconstruction Of Reconstruction During The Civil War883 Words   |  4 Pages Describe and analyze Reconstruction. Did Reconstruction have any successes? The end of civil war in the United States of America brought about many problems, in particular for the South. Some of the problems were political, economic decay and social disorder. The war destroyed the plantations and crops thus causing many to starve to death while others became homeless. The reconstruction became the only hope for the people. Radical reconstruction began in 1867, which enabled the freed black menRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction The United States went through many changes after the Civil War and during the Reconstruction period of 1866-1877. Before Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on December, 1863, by John Wilkes, Lincoln announced the first Reconstruction plan a year before the Civil War had ended and Lincoln offered general amnesty to white southerners who would pledge an oath of loyalty to the government and accept the abolition of slavery. During the summer of 1865, Johnson not long after he took officeRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War972 Words   |  4 PagesThere was a transformation period after the Civil War called the reconstruction during the years 1863 to 1877. The reconstruction was the rebuilding of the United States, mainly in the South. There were three major types of reconstruction, which were political, physical, and social. The political reconstruction allowed some African Americans to vote; however, they had to be literate in order to take the Oath test. Not many African Ameri cans knew how to read and write, because they were slaves andRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1487 Words   |  6 PagesReconstruction was the period when America was figuring out on issues pertaining to who was an American, what rights an American should enjoy and what rights other Americans were exercising. The post bellum period was a period after the civil war that had affected the United States of America. This conflict had mostly taken place in the south and therefore the people there were the for the most part affected by this warfare. After the civil war, racism was still a threat and a struggle for the nationRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War864 Words   |  4 PagesIn hindsight it is sometimes claimed that Reconstruction was a failure. Although there was some good that came out of the Reconstruction it was mostly just a relentless uphill battle against Southerners and immoral politicians that were here to delay change and keep racism alive. Reconstru ction brought the Ku Klux Klan who displayed great resistance, and poverty that swept the South once the blacks were freed. The freedom of these black slaves led to discriminatory legislatures such as the BlackRead MoreReconstruction During The Civil War1892 Words   |  8 PagesReconstruction Over the course of America’s existence, it has acquired many successes and failures. Over time there have been a large number of accomplishments that have made the world a greater good, but there have also been phases of turmoil and tragedy. The Reconstruction period after the Civil War is a prime example of a complete failure. The Reconstruction period consisted of many goals and ideas that Americans planned to achieve in their country after being torn apart from the Civil War.Read MoreEducation During Reconstruction During The Civil War918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Education during Reconstruction† In the south before during and after the reconstruction was a time for educational growth. Many states were just beginning to provide public education. The education system was trialed and errored to become the system that we know today during this era. The civil war brought separation of races but also families, the radical republicans stressed education during the reconstruction to avert the attention of the people from the war and racial issues. BeforeRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era During The Civil War1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reconstruction Era beginning in 1865 marked the period where white men and recently freed African Americans quarreled over the concept of equality on the basis of race as well as where freedom extended to. After the Civil War, there was a power struggle between the Republican and Democratic parties as they had extremely distinct ideas on whether African Americans should be free and hold citizen rights. African Americans were able to achieve citizenship as well as have equality through the 14thRead MoreThe Era Of Reconstruction During The Civil War1630 Words   |  7 Pageswas imposed by the white people. This contradiction is emblematic of the African-American experience. The era of reconstruction was a short-term success, a medium-term failure, and a foundation for the long-term successes of the civil rights movement in terms of black freedom. The era of reconstruction exposed the radical limits of freedom for natural born citizens in the post-civil war United States. The idea of freedom changed in a tremendous way for the blacks. I would like to begin by askingRead MoreThe Legacy Of Reconstruction During The Civil War Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pageshistory. These â€Å"revolutionary movements† have created lasting impressions on the United States that helped mold the nation that it is today. One such movement was Reconstruction. Reconstruction was a time in America consisting of reuniting the country and pulling it from the economic catastrophe that stemmed from the Civil War. The reconstruction era had dealt with three separate plans: the Lincoln Plan, the Johnson Plan and the congressional Plan. These plans, each with their own unique way of unifying

The Problem Of Extreme Consumerism - 926 Words

Consuming goods and services play the biggest role in the economic system. There undoubtedly wouldn’t be and economic system without the consumption of goods and services. Every day, all over the world, there is an extreme amount of consumerism, but why exactly? What are the possible causes of extreme consumerism? Some of the few possible causes contributing to mass consumerism would include: the want for consumption, the need for consumption, and possibly even hoarders. Although many of the possible causes listed above tie together, it’s quite interesting exploring these causes of extreme consumerism and being able to shine a small light on the subject. As mentioned, extreme consumerism is what makes the economy, but what plays an extreme role in consumption? What makes people want to buy the variety of products and services that are on the market today? The answer to that would be the want for goods and the advertisement of those products. Everywhere you look there ar e advertisements whether they are in the newspaper, on social media, or the sign passing you as you drive down the street. It’s almost impossible to not see an advertisement on a daily basis. Advertisement play on emotions, logic, and authority to promote and make products and or services appealing. These types of advertisements can cause so many people, almost anyone and everyone, want to buy what they are selling causing people to buy, buy, and buy. Even with the appealing ads that’s not all thatShow MoreRelated`` Brave New World `` By Aldous Huxley1355 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as materialistic things or drugs in efforts to escape from their problems for a while. Thus, making it seem as if people would rather be surrounded with the fabrication of happiness rather than accepting the truth and facing one’s problems. Incidentally, consumerism has been defined as, â€Å"the perpetuated idea that you cannot be happy unless you surround yourself with things†. The human tendency of succumbing to consumerism and ignoring reality in order to preserve industrialized happiness hasRead MorePros And Cons1042 Words   |  5 PagesInvestigations have shown that inconceivable catastrophic changes will take place if the global temperature continues to rise. The polar ice caps are already melting, which can lead to rising sea levels. In addition, extreme weather such as droughts, floods, and storms will become a huge problem. The world will become uninhabitable. The Paris Agreement is an accord within the United Nations that deals with the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, this accord also includes a plan asRead MoreNegative Effects Of Consumerism On Society825 Words   |  4 PagesConsumerism plays an extreme role in today’s economy and society. It is one of the key aspects of the economy growing, however it negatively affects the people of society. Consumerism has taken over society, with peoples’ need to classify themselves in a certain social status with the purchases of expensive merchandise. It may help the economy thrive, however it is society’s downfall with its depressing need to buy unnecessary products. Through modern technology, consumerism can easily capture peopleRead MoreThe Christian Disciple, A Follower Of Jesus1217 Words   |  5 Pagesobedience to Christ and His teachings. The faithful disciple places absolute trust in God while he embarks on a quest for a fulfilling life ri ch in virtue and happiness. Discipleship specifically emphasizes a simplistic lifestyle focused on rejecting consumerism and giving to those in need. In practicing asceticism, however, a follower of Jesus is faced with the decision between two separate Christian lifestyles: rigorous discipleship and responsible consumption. While both of these adaptations center onRead MoreThe Evils of Consumerism Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesspend larger amounts of money. Recently invented items, such as cars, also contributed to this dramatic rise of consumerism that occurred during this period. Advertising campaigns helped to fuel the demand for the newly invented items. However, many economists believe that this over indulgence and over spending were harbingers to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The consumerism in the 1920s paved the way for a changing life style and attitude over money and spending in America. Many AmericansRead MoreAmerican Rock N Roll Essay1578 Words   |  7 P agesdepression was replaced by a youthful optimistic spirit, which allowed for expression of self among the youth of American society. The optimistic spirit offered by pop culture icons allowed the youth to recover from a society which condemned them. An extreme example of this condemnation is the Kent state massacre of 1970 where 4 students were killed and 9 were wounded (History.com Staff 2009). Fashion, particularly the mini skirt, was the largest expression of Pop. The mini skirt displayed multiple PopRead MoreConsumerism Is Not Harmful At Times1364 Words   |  6 Pages Consumerism, the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable: a preoccupation with an inclination toward the buying of consumer goods, has been increasing over the last few decades. Although many individuals feel that the increase of can be hurtful to financial wellness, this is not always the truth. The consumption of goods and services is what allows the economic markets to flow f reely and thrive as well as survive. Not to say that induvial consumerism is not harmfulRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lorax By Dr. Seuss1322 Words   |  6 Pagesjoyful, colorful, book for toddlers and kids that was read before bedtime was far more controversial than someone who just cuts down trees. It has a secret message that goes right over the readers’ heads - concern about the environment through consumerism. The Lorax is about a preteen, Ted, who lives in an urbanized neighborhood where there is no vegetation except for inflatable bushes. The girl he likes wants a tree for her birthday, and he searches for a seed. Ted ends up leaving the town limitsRead MoreHunger : The Problem Of Hunger1488 Words   |  6 PagesKnowing that the world produces enough food to feed everyone, it is illogical that hunger has been one of the major problems throughout human history affecting and killing 8.2 million people each year. â€Å"Every 10 seconds a human being dies from hunger.†(Cogan) It is thought that this mostly happens in undeveloped countries but surprisingly â€Å"about 98% of the 842 million people starving actually live in developing countries† (Cogan). A long time ago, these terms were related to the lower social classesRead MoreWall-E versus Feed on Society1223 Words   |  5 PagesFeed and Pixar’s Wall-E, exaggerate a society influenced by technology using both simi lar and different story lines. Environment, consumerism, and the characters share similar qualities in Feed and Wall-E. In Feed, M.T. Anderson overstresses a polluted society that languishes in an â€Å"intricately rendered city† with a dying environment (Scott 1). He writes of an extreme point where the world needs air factories to live. While Violet is talking to her father she realizes, â€Å"‘the forest’s gone. Yeah

Human Rights Revisited ( Again ) - 2063 Words

Nicholas Wassner Edward Trefts Writing 2010 8 October 2014 Human Rights Revisited (Again) The gay community has been thriving over the last several years especially within the law, state after state bans fell and proposals passed. The movement is finally being recognized and basic rights are being promised to them in several courts around the country. In states like Idaho one could be fired or be denied housing for being gay, and that being the sole reason. When the bill, to add sexual orientation to the human rights act, was simply eligible to be put up to a vote the people who proposed it were overjoyed. They know the road is long and still work towards it, the smallest accomplishments feel like strides. Why is this attitude still†¦show more content†¦After years and years of activists and gay community leaders trying to find a solution to the lack of benefits many realize it is only going to change with our society as a whole. Neither side can use fiscal reasons to call themselves a winner, the not hiring gay employees because of the distractions they bring is very backwards, and front line protests only lead to violence and more hostility. Like human rights movements in the past, the gay rights movement, specifically rights in the workplace, can only change with society. Even today groups like the KKK exist and function in Idaho and other states, but there is no denying that over time our country has learned that someone’s skin color does not define their standing in society. Someday, hopefully in the near future, a majority of our free country will realize that somebody’s work ethic has nothing to do with who they choose to go to bed with at the end of their work day. Unfortunately the media in Idaho has not given much information regarding the gay community and its association with the state in any way. This includes polls, unbiased news articles, etc. There is not much of a way, at least today, to observe just how many gay individuals are being discriminated against in Idaho. The next best thing is a study done in South Carolina by the Williams Institute based at the University of California Los Angeles. In several states there are

Aircraft Brake Scandal free essay sample

Vandiveer faced dilemmas throughout the case: to follow his personal value and professional responsibility to refuse unethical action or to follow the managers’ order to keep the job; and to keep loyalty to the company or to be a whistleblower to disclose the fraud. In general, Vandiveer behaved by his personal values. However, some actions by Vandiveer are open to question. Visibility: Vandiveer was admired and supported by the public for his courage to do right thing though losing his job and suffering the possible prosecution. In some sense, Vandiveer betrayed his company as a whistleblower. However, his disclosure prevented a worse consequence of engineering fraud. Generality: Vandiveer set an example to guide others who in the similar situation. When there are conflicts with self-interest and ethics, the one will be expected to behave following the moral principle. However, it does not mean personal interest retreat constantly. Voice will be a better decision in such situation. Legacy: Vandiveer has a positive image when people talk about the aircraft brake scandal. He did not obey his inner sense and would be trusted by others in his future life. Discussion A summary of the Important Facts All stories caused by a contract issued on June, 18, 1967, by LTV Aerospace Corporation with Goodrich Company to order wheels and brakes for the new Air Force plane. For Goodrich, it seemed destined to be an unusual contract. Goodrich won this contract by a competitively low bid and, more importantly, the innovative technical design of relatively small brake which containing four disks and weighing only 106 pounds. During the one year for design and test, Goodrich told LTV that all about the brake program was well. A qualification report was published and submitted to Air Force and LTV to show that the brake passed specified qualifying test. Contrary to what Goodrich guaranteed in the report, the flight test in the last two weeks of June, 1986 failed. Followed the flight test failure, a litigation testified by Kermit Vandiveer, a former employee of Goodrich, Air Force and GAO, regarding falsification of the qualification test report, disclosed what happened in the year before the actual flight test, which now known as â€Å"Aircraft Brake Scandal†. The event, so to speak, implicated widely. From executives to employees, these people more or less involved in the fraud. Searle Lawson, the young design engineer on A7D brake and graduated only one year, was the one who first found and pointed out the design deficiency of the brake after several tests and computations. Later, he prepared the various engineering curves and graphic displays for the qualification report with Kermit Vandiveer, the data analyst and technical writer. In the litigation, Lawson supported Vandiveer’s testimony as a government witness. As a key figure in the event, although Vandiveer offered false graphic presentation after difficult self-struggle, he eventually turned into whistleblower to accuse Goodrich. Ralph Gretzinger, the test lab supervisor, initially opposed a falsified qualification report but knuckle under to the pressure of his supervisor in the Technical Services section, Russell Line. In addition, Russell Van Horn, the manager of the design engineering section, Robert Sink, the A7D project manager, and Bud Sunderman, the chief engineer for Goodrich, all of them ordered someone to write a falsified qualification report. Although all these actors reached an agreement on qualification report, division had existed between two opinion groups. One group was represented by Vandiveer who refused to write a deliberately falsified report. They were integrity and stood on their personal values and beliefs. They were responsibility for their professional standards and for the company’s interest and reputation as employees. Most people in the other group were executives, who were more concerned with their performance and future career path. They tried every way to whitewash the truth despite the serious consequence. A detailed Ethical Analysis Workbook for all people involved provided in Exhibit 1. The Relevant Standards/Principles There are two major standards used to evaluating Vandiveer’s behavior. One is fiduciary principle that required someone act in the best interests of the company and its investors. Diligence, intelligence, candor, loyalty, and many other characters are positive behavior of fiduciary. And unauthorized self-dealing, carelessness, bribery, and some other negative behaviors are prohibited. The other one is transparency principle that required someone conduct business in a truthful and open manner. Accuracy, truthfulness, honesty reflect this standard and fraud, deceit, and misrepresentation oppose it. Under the fiduciary principle, the one under such situation should try his best to protect the interest of company. Obviously, that was a right-versus-wrong situation. As an employee, neither quitting the job to escape from bad situation nor being blind loyalty to do what are told is good solution. Communicating with executives to persuade them giving up the bad decision and offer alternative method will be useful and helpful. Employees have the responsibility to stop the company making wrong decision. What’s more, they should choose reasonable methods which will not hurt the company. Under the transparency principle, the one is required to stand firm to refuse anything that will obey personal values and professional responsibilities. Issuing a report full of falsification and misleading is prohibited. Besides these two principles, reliability principle, fairness principle, and responsiveness principle are also relevant to evaluate author’s action and other stakeholder’s behavior. Was the author’s action consistent with his basic duties? The author’s action was, to a large extent, consistent with his basic duties. Throughout the whole event, Vandiveer made decisions following his personal values and beliefs. However, it is undeniable that some of Vandiveer’s actions were improper. As a data analyst and technical writer, Vandiveer should abide by the professional ethics to respect the raw experimental data and the actual testing results, and to write a report strictly according to the facts without any falsification. So, when he found that the data-recording instrument was deliberately miscalibrated and the test logs were inaccurate, he communicated with senior managers actively to state his stand that he would not issue a false report and tried his best to persuade managers to change the mind of publishing a false qualification report. Furthermore, Vandiveer’s action indicated his loyalty to the company. Actually, Vandiveer indeed should do what a qualified employee do. He was concerned with the reputation of the company and would like to take the responsibility to protect the company. Although Vandiveer once made a compromise to fabricate, falsify, and alter engineering curves and graphic displays that were normally incorporated in a qualification report, he eventually disclosed the fraud. When confronted with a conflict between the interests of himself and the public, Vandiveer gave up his self-interest to do what he thought was right. Just because of this, someone hold another opinion questioned Vandiveer’s loyalty to the company and his professional ethic. As a whistleblower, Vandiveer’s disclosure ran the company into difficulties. However, Vandiveer just putted his loyalty to the highest moral principles. His action actually protected the company from much more serious accusation or huge reparations which probably resulted from freight accident caused by the unqualified brake. Did the author respect the rights and legitimate claims of the affected parties? It depends on who is the affected party. LTV Corporation and Goodrich are two affected parties for Vandiveer. Vandiveer’s action respected the rights and other legitimate claims of LTV such as the right of deal fairly with others. LTV should be informed the facts of the brake program rather than be treated by a false qualification report. And according to the contract, the brake must be safe rather than unqualified to cause an accident when the fright landing. Because of Vandiveer’s disclosure, LTV knew the problem of the brake and Goodrich was forced to change the design of the defective brake. Further damage was avoided. For Goodrich’s rights and legitimate claims, it is a more complicated problem. Goodrich had the right to require its employees be loyalty, but Vandiveer seemingly breached this requirement. From the standpoint of public interest, Vandiveer’s decision was reasonable. However, from the standpoint of Goodrich, Vandiveer should have more appropriate actions in this right-versus-wrong situation. At the beginning, Vandiveer voiced to the managers. He described the situation explicitly, communicated his concerns, and warned the possible bad results. Meanwhile, he objected to do what obeyed the moral principles and tried his best to persuade the managers. After failed to persuade the managers, Vandiveer was forced to be loyalty, and did what he was told although he was still clearly aware that all these orders were unethical, or even illegal. After the failing flight test, Air Force rescinded the approval of the qualification report and demanded to see raw test data. Vandiveer joined the reference about the test data used in the report. He suggested the manager to tell LTV the truth but was rejected. Goodrich did not intend to admit any fault but just interpreted the information. Finally, Vandiveer submitted his resignation. He chose to exit. Evaluating Vandiveer’s performance in this event, he really did great effort to stop and change something. But, he missed some chances which may make the whole story another ending. When his communication with the executives of Goodrich plant but came to nothing, he could report this situation to headquarters of Goodrich. This would more or less draw attention from the headquarters. Thus, he did not have to write a false report, and the company would not involve in the scandal. Being a whistleblower is a last resort unless all efforts failed. Otherwise, he should stand in the same side of the company.

Rates Of Return Essay Example For Students

Rates Of Return Essay The issue of rates of return on foreign owned companies through foreign direct investment. On Wednesday Oct. 25th.2000,at a meeting in Montreal, the finance Minister of Canada Mr. Paul Martin in his opening address to the G20 group on promoting Globalization, stated that ?globalization will have a more human face with measures to ease financial crises and social safety nets to protect the poorest?. The meeting concluded with all the participants agreeing on a package of measures, which they say, will lead to more financial stability in the world. From a political perspective this endorsement may seem realistic. However this futuristic goal will require more foreign direct investment from corporations and other sources of private enterprise at a time when most expatriate firms are complaining about the decline of the (R.O.A) rate of return of foreign owned companies, specifically in the U.S.A. Firms based in one country increasingly make investments to establish and run business operations in other countries.U.S firms invested US$133 billion abroad in 1998,while foreign firms invested US$193 billion in the US.Overall world FDI flows more than tripled between 1988 and 1998,from US $192 billion to US$600.The share of FDI to GDP is generally rising in both developed and developing countries. In addition to this information the World Bank further stated that developing countries received about one quarter of the world FDI inflows in 1998-1998 on an average, though the share fluctuated quite a bit from year to year. It would seem that this is the largest form of private capital inflow to developing countries. This data will seem to encourage more foreign investment. Hence, one will ask if there are truly low rates of returns on investment by foreign owned companies. If this is the case then why are there so many foreign direct investment by small as well as multi-national corpo rations?In order to answer this question there must be an examination of the actual low rates of return from foreign-owned companies. This examination will be based on the performance of U.S.owned companies. A research done by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) provided new estimates of the rate of return for foreign ?owned US nonfinancial companies that are disaggregated by industry and valued in current-period prices for the years 1988 to 1997.The new estimates. Along with company-level estimates for US owned nonfinancial US companies, were used to examine factors that help explain the low rates of return. The rate of return measure was the ( ROA) i.e. the return on assets.. This is also looked at as the ratio of profits from current production, plus interest paid to the average of beginning and end of year total assets. Also profits from current production are profits that result from the production of goods and services in the current period. Both profits and assets are valued in prices of the current period. Profits reflect the value of inventory withdrawals and depreciation on a current-cost basis. These have been adjusted to remove the income from equity investments in unconsolidated business and the expense associated with amortizing intangible assets. Total assets reflect the current cost of tangible assets. These have been adjusted to remove assets for which the return is not included in the numerator of the ROA ratio e.g. equity investments in unconsolidated businesses and ammortizable intangible assets. The new ROA estimates for foreign-owned companies indicate that: The new current-cost estimates show that the average ROA of foreign owned companies in 1988-1997 was 5.1 percent. In contrast, the historical-cost estimates show an average ROA of 5.7 percent. The ROA of all foreign non financial companies was consistently below that of US owned non-financial companies in 1988-1997,but the gap narrowed over time from nearly two percentage points in 1988 to one percentage point in 1997.The narrowing of the gap appeared to be related to age effects. Acquiring or establishing a new business add costs such as startup costs that disappear over time. .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da , .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .postImageUrl , .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da , .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:hover , .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:visited , .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:active { border:0!important; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:active , .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u282b62a7f0f8dd7681a8ef8bc672b1da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Heresy Of Galileo Essay ; Additionally, experience can yield benefits, such as learning by doing that accumulates over time. High startup and restructuring costs related to acquisitions also lower the profitability of foreign-owned companies. Newly acquired foreign-owned companies showed very low or negative rates of return. Many foreign ?owned companies had a tax-related incentive to shift profits from the US to their home country using transfer prices. There are several other studies which indicate that there is a decline in the rate of return on Foreign Direct Investment by US companies. The most recent study was done by Laster and McCauley.They used industry level estimates of historical-cost return on investment and on sales for foreign-owned companies from the Bureau of Economic Analysis.The consensus is that the reasons for this decline are:Industry mix, i.e. US owned companies are concentrated in low profit industries, Market share, age effects, intra firm-import content, i.e. some foreign-owned companies might have made higher profits but they may shift some of this profits using transfer prices, and finally, combined effects involving one or several of the preceding reasons for the lower rate of return on foreign investment. From the various studies conducted, industry patterns in the ROA estimates indicated that the profitability of foreign-owned companies is related to their market shares. Industries in which the profitability of foreign-owned companies is relatively high, (such as petroleum and chemical manufacturing) tend to be those in which the largest foreign-owned companies have a significant share of the total US market for certain products. However, in some industries, (such as stone, clay and glass products manufacturing and rubber and miscellaneous plastic products manufacturing), the largest foreign owned companies both are relatively and less profitable and have a significant share of the total US market for certain products. In order for Mr. Martin and his G20 disciples to fulfil there mandate they must consider the impact of low return on investment by foreign direct investment companies in the US as well as other countries.